银河年和地质年代表     

舒见闻 《湖南地质》1991,10(2):171-176

根据地洼学说关于地壳演化的新理论,将地球置于银河系各级引力场研究,发现银河年与地球绕日运行周期(年)有许多相似之处,后者控制了地球上短期的生物兴衰和四季交替,前者是引起地球上长期冷热变化,导致全球的生物质变进化、冰川活动及海侵海退等循银河年周期发生的根本原因。银河年是建立理想地质年代表的基础,每一个银河年就是一个代。依目前天文观测及全球生物质变进化和冰期资料来看,银河年时距以260 Ma为宜。本文据此提出了一个新的地质年代表。  相似文献   

Forests,foresters and society in the new world     

J. M. Powell 《The Australian geographer》1992,23(1):77-80

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戈壁覆盖区化探新方法找金初步试验研究     

赵友方  栾继琛 《矿产与地质》1992,6(3):242-247

近年来对新疆某金矿区戈壁覆盖条件下开展了不同类型金矿床进行吸附相态汞、卤素(Cl)、热释CO_2和电化学(Ks)金的找矿试验研究,对石英脉型金矿床和破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床试验结果,初步发现矿体上部壤中Au、Ag、Cu、Zn、Pb、As、Sb一般组合异常差。而壤中的吸附想态汞、Cl、热释CO_2和电化学在矿体前缘及上盘均有较好的异常,特别在厚层洪积物覆盖区,这些新方法亦能反映出盲矿体的异常。  相似文献   

Semi-determinate hydraulic geometry of river channels,South Island,New Zealand     

M. Paul Mosley 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1981,6(2):127-137

Data to describe the morphologic, hydrologic and sedimentologic characteristics of 72 South Island, New Zealand, rivers were collected and analysed. Nearly 70 per cent of variation in channel morphology is accounted for by differences in cross-sectional area, slope, and cross-section shape; only 53 per cent of the morphologic variability could be statistically ‘explained’ by the hydrologic and sediment variables used. The level of explanation varied for different morphologic variables; nearly 90 per cent of the variability in cross-sectional area could be explained, but aspect ratio (maximum depth divided by hydraulic radius) was completely independent. Apart from the inadequacy of the measured variables as indices of the true underlying controlling factors, and the imperfect measurement and sampling procedures, the low level of explanation is probably due to the influence of factors such as floodplain vegetation, high quasi-random variability in bark sediment character, boundary effects imposed by bedrock bluffs, and the precise sequence of flood events, none of which are easily quantified. In addition, observations indicate that there is a large random variation in channel form which cannot be related to any factor. An attempt to relate channel morphology to flow variability, using simple indices of the latter, was unsuccessful.  相似文献   

迈进21世纪的中国地图学   总被引：12，自引：3，他引：9  

廖克 《地球信息科学学报》1999,1(2):46-51

本文较系统地概述了国际上近3O年来地图学的进展,同时,重点介绍了我国地图学的成就和发展以及21世纪地图学的展望.  相似文献   

BOOK REVIEWS     

《The Professional geographer》1984,36(1):106-142

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.  相似文献   

An analysis of phytolith assemblages for the quantitativereconstruction of late Quaternary environments of the Lower Taieri Plain,Otago, South Island, New Zealand I. Modern assemblages and transferfunctions     

Matiu Prebble  Marc Schallenberg  John Carter  James Shulmeister 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2002,27(4):393-413

An analysis of modern phytolith assemblages is presented.Phytolith assemblages were studied in modern surface soils and sediments of 28sites from east Otago, New Zealand, within a range of vegetation types andmicroclimates. No simple distinction could be made between vegetation types onthe basis of phytolith assemblage composition. A Principal Components Analysis(PCA) of the phytolith data set revealed that festucoid, chloridoid andspherical phytolith morphotypes formed strong associations with sites fromwetland, grassland, and forest vegetation types, respectively. Moreimportantly, a comparison of sample replicates from each field site using Squared ChordDistance (SCD) assemblage analysis showed that wetland and grassland sitestended to produce more internally consistent phytolith assemblages than forestsites. Environmental variables including pH, conductivity, altitude,precipitation and temperature were also gathered for each site. The ability ofeach environmental variable to reflect variance in the entire phytolithdata set was estimated by a series of Redundancy Analyses (RDA) with MonteCarlo permutation tests of statistical significance. After a forward selectionprocess, transfer functions were generated using Partial Least Squares (PLS)regression and calibration with jack-knife validation. The final transferfunctions have root mean squared errors of prediction for pH (0.47), logconductivity (0.38 S cm), average annual precipitation (63mm), and average annual (0.28 °C), spring (0.38 °C) andautumn temperature (0.41 °C); the smallest group of environmental variablesexplaining the most variance in the modern phytolith data set. The most usefultransfer functions for application to fossil phytolith data andpaleoenvironmental interpretation are pH, log conductivity and annualprecipitation. The relationship between changes in pH and annual precipitationand phytolith assemblage composition found in this study presents aprima facie relationship with the potential to providedirect proxies for soil weathering and indirectly for paleoenvironmentalreconstruction.  相似文献   

New concepts in ecological risk assessment: where do we go from here?   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  

Solomon KR  Sibley P 《Marine pollution bulletin》2002,44(4):279-285

Through the use of safety factors, the use of single-species test data has been adequate for use in protective hazard assessments and criteria setting but, because hazard quotients do not consider the presence of multiple species each with a particular sensitivity or the interactions that can occur between these species in a functioning community, they are ill-suited to environmental risk assessment. Significant functional redundancy occurs in most ecosystems but this is poorly considered in single-species tests conducted under laboratory conditions. A significant advance in effects assessment was the use of the microcosm as a unit within which to test interacting populations of organisms. The microcosm has allowed the measurement of the environmental effect measures such as the NOAEC(community) under laboratory or field conditions and the application of this and other similarly derived measures to ecological risk assessment (ERA). More recently, distributions of single-species laboratory test data have been used for criteria setting and, combined with distributions of exposure concentrations, for risk assessment. Distributions of species sensitivity values have been used in an a priori way for setting environmental quality criteria such as the final acute value (FAV) derived for water quality criteria. Similar distributional approaches have been combined with modeled or measured concentrations to produce estimates of the joint probability of a single species being affected or that a proportion of organisms in a community will be impacted in a posteriori risk assessments. These techniques have not been widely applied for risk assessment of dredged materials, however, with appropriate consideration of bioavailability and spatial and nature of the data these techniques can be applied to soils and sediments.  相似文献   

Environmental pollution in the Gulf of Guinea--a regional approach     

Scheren PA  Ibe AC  Janssen FJ  Lemmens AM 《Marine pollution bulletin》2002,44(7):633-641

Environmental pollution in the Gulf of Guinea (GOG) coastal zone has caused eutrophication and oxygen depletion in the lagoon systems, particularly around the urban centres, resulting in decreased fish (reproduction) levels and waterborne diseases. A pollution sources assessment was undertaken by six countries in the region as a first step in defining a region-wide Environmental Management Plan. Results show that households produce 90% of solid waste. Industry, however, is responsible for substantial amounts of hazardous waste, specifically the Nigerian petroleum industry. The latter is also responsible for the spilling of large amounts of oil. BOD load from industrial effluents is slightly larger than domestic loads in the industrialised coastal zone. Wastewater treatment systems are either absent or inadequate. Apart from large-scale gas flaring in Nigeria, air pollution, in terms of COx, HC, NOx and SO2 emissions, is contributed mainly by traffic. Particulates, originate mainly from industries and domestic biomass burning.  相似文献   

Elevated lateral stress in unlithified sediment, Midcontinent, United States—geotechnical and geophysical indicators for a tectonic origin     

Edward W. Woolery  Jeffrey A. Schaefer  Zhenming Wang 《Tectonophysics》2003,368(1-4):139

Indirect and direct geotechnical measurements revealed the presence of high lateral earth pressure (K_o) in shallow, unlithified sediment at a site in the northernmost Mississippi embayment region of the central United States. Results from pile-load and pressuremeter tests showed maximum K_o values greater than 10; however, the complex geologic environment of the Midcontinent made defining an origin for the anomalous K_o based solely on these measurements equivocal. Although in situ sediment characteristics indicated that indirect tectonic or nontectonic geologic mechanisms that include transient overburden loads (e.g., fluvial deposition/erosion, glacial advance/retreat) and dynamic shear loads (e.g., earthquakes) were not the dominant cause, they were unable to provide indicators for a direct tectonic generation. Localized stresses induced anthropogenically by the geotechnical field tests were also considered, but ruled out as the primary origin. A high-resolution shear-wave (SH) reflection image of geologic structure in the immediate vicinity of the test site revealed compression-style neotectonism, and suggested that the elevated stress was a tectonic manifestation. Post-Paleozoic reflectors exhibit a Tertiary (?) structural inversion, as evidenced by post-Cretaceous fault displacement and pronounced positive folds in the hanging wall of the interpreted faults. The latest stratigraphic extent of the stress effects (i.e., all measurements were in the Late Cretaceous to Tertiary McNairy Formation), as well as the relationship of stress orientation with the orientation of local structure and regional stress, remain unknown. These are the subjects of ongoing studies.  相似文献